The State also addresses another ground--damages--that it believed might be contained within the appeal. However, Abdullah has not sought damages, and that issue is not before us.

The issue as raised by Abdullah, in simple terms, is whether he was accorded due process of law and given proper notice before the State took his money. In simple terms, the answer is: No.

Although the section utilized by the court to define the amounts to be removed from Abdullah's account explicitly applies to inmate lawsuits, it is not fully controlling here; there is a different section of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code that is directly applicable to this situation. Section 63.007 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code reads as follows:

(a) A writ of garnishment may be issued against an inmate trust fund held under the authority of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice under Section 501.014, Government Code, to encumber money that is held for the benefit of an inmate in the fund.

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 63.007 (Vernon Supp. 2006).

It is apparent from the extremely skimpy nature of these proceedings that no attempt was made to follow garnishment procedure, turnover procedure, or any other type of procedure before the trial court entered its order. ⁽⁶⁾ There are no pleadings, no proper writ of garnishment, no notifications, no warnings, and no opportunity to respond. Although a judgment of conviction typically reflects the amount of costs incurred, this one does not. When a judgment does contain that information, it would often be clear what amount of costs existed, and the Legislature has provided a means to garnish the funds available to inmates through their trust accounts so as to satisfy the state's expenses. Neither that means, nor any other procedure, was utilized in this case.

The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects against deprivation of life, liberty, or property by the State "without due process of law." Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 331 (1986). These words "require that deprivation of life, liberty or property by adjudication be preceded by notice and opportunity for hearing appropriate to the nature of the case." Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co., 455 U.S. 422, 428 (1982); Thoyakulathu v. Brennan, 192 S.W.3d 849 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 2006, no pet.). ⁽⁷⁾ The opportunity to be heard is the fundamental requirement of due process; it is an opportunity which must be granted at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner. Armstrong v. Manzo, 380 U.S. 545, 552 (1965); Brewer v. Collins, 857 S.W.2d 819, 822 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, no writ). Requiring the government to follow appropriate procedures when its agents decide to "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property," the Due Process Clause promotes fairness in such decisions. Daniels, 474 U.S. at 331. The Texas Rules of Civil Procedure controlling garnishment proceedings are designed to provide such.

The order in this case is simply labeled as an "Order," which then directs the inmate trust account division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice to withdraw money from Abdullah's trust account for payment to the district clerk of Hopkins County. The authority to withdraw money from an inmate trust account is provided by Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 501.014(e). That subsection directs the withdrawal of funds from an inmate trust account by the Department to satisfy a variety of six different kinds of debts of graded priority, including (as priority number four) payment of court fees and costs; the last of the kinds of debts which can be satisfied under this subsection is a catchall "any other court order, judgment, or writ." By definition, a judicial proceeding in which a creditor asks a court to order a third party (the criminal justice system) to turn over funds held by it as trustee for the benefit of a third party (the inmate) to a creditor (the State) constitutes a garnishment proceeding. See Black's Law Dictionary 702 (8th ed. 2004). There is nothing in the statute which would lead one to believe that the withdrawal of funds from an inmate trust account to satisfy one kind of debt (such as fines, or court fees) would necessarily require less processes than any of the other six kinds of obligations.

This is explicitly acknowledged by Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 63.007, which allows a writ of garnishment to be issued against an inmate trust fund account pursuant to Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 501.014 (Vernon 2004), and also reiterates that the State has sovereign immunity for any complaints raised about such an action.

A writ of garnishment impounds the alleged money, property, or credits of the debtor. Beggs v. Fite, 130 Tex. 46, 106 S.W.2d 1039, 1042 (1937). Because this is an extraordinary remedy, the Texas Supreme Court has held that garnishment proceedings "cannot be sustained unless they are in strict conformity with statutory requirements." Id. The procedures to follow in any garnishment proceeding are set out in Part VI, Section 4 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure.See Tex. R. Civ. P. 657-679.

Rule 661 provides a form for the writ to be used and sent to the garnishee. Rule 663a requires service of the writ on the defendant, with specified contents explaining to the defendant how to contest the writ and regain possession of the property:

The defendant shall be served in any manner prescribed for service of citation or as provided in Rule 21a with a copy of the writ of garnishment, the application, accompanying affidavits and orders of the court as soon as practicable following the service of the writ. There shall be prominently displayed on the face of the copy of the writ served on the defendant, in ten-point type and in a manner calculated to advise a reasonably attentive person of its contents, the following:

To __________________, Defendant:

"You are hereby notified that certain properties alleged to be owned by you have been garnished. If you claim any rights in such property, you are advised:

"YOU HAVE A RIGHT TO REGAIN POSSESSION OF THE PROPERTY BY FILING A REPLEVY BOND. YOU HAVE A RIGHT TO SEEK TO REGAIN POSSESSION OF THE PROPERTY BY FILING WITH THE COURT A MOTION TO DISSOLVE THIS WRIT."

Tex. R. Civ. P. 663a.

In 1978, the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure relating to garnishment actions were amended primarily in response to several prejudgment seizure cases decided by the United States Supreme Court. See Sniadach v. Family Fin. Corp., 395 U.S. 337 (1969); Fuentes v. Shevin, 407 U.S. 67 (1972). Based on the holdings in Sniadach andFuentes, the Texas pre-1978 prejudgment garnishment procedures were declared unconstitutional.Sw. Warehouse Corp. v. Wee Tote, Inc., 504 S.W.2d 592 (Tex. Civ. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1974, no writ).

When the rules governing garnishment were rewritten, they made no distinction between prejudgment and postjudgment garnishment proceedings.

There has been a question concerning whether prejudgment and postjudgment garnishment actions should be treated alike for purposes of due-process requirements, which was discussed at length (though ultimately not addressed) by the Austin court in Hering v. Norbanco Austin I, Ltd., 735 S.W.2d 638, 640-42 (Tex. App.--Austin 1987, writ denied). That particular issue has not since been revisited, possibly because of the clarity of the procedural rules involved.

Regardless of the outcome of that particular discussion on due-process requirements on postjudgment garnishment as previously noted, the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure relating to garnishment were amended in 1978. Whether a debtor in a postjudgment garnishment action is entitled to actual notice of the garnishment has not been an issue under Texas law for nearly thirty years--and Abdullah's complaint here is precisely that lack of notice. Rule 663a is unambiguous in its requirement that the debtor be given notice of the garnishment and of his rights to regain his property, and about the specific information that must be provided so that the writ may be contested. The rule makes no distinction between prejudgment and postjudgment notice to the debtor.Id. at 640-41.

If a judgment-creditor intends to avail himself of the State's aid in effecting a deprivation of property, he must strictly comply with the pertinent rules. See Beggs, 106 S.W.2d 1039; Hering, 504 S.W.2d at 640-41. This was not done in this case, and the failure is fatal to its judgment in the garnishment action. When the creditor fails to give the defendant notice of the writ of garnishment as required by the rules, a trial court errs by granting the writ. Mendoza v. Luke Fruia Invs., Inc., 962 S.W.2d 650, 652 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1998, no writ).

The order removed money from Abdullah's trust account. A prison inmate has a property interest in his inmate trust account. Covarrubias v. Tex. Dep't of Criminal Justice--Institutional Div., 52 S.W.3d 318, 324 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 2001, no pet.); Brewer v. Collins, 857 S.W.2d 819, 823 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, no pet.). Thus, a property interest is involved. Abdullah was not accorded the procedural due process to which he was entitled.

We reverse the order issued by the trial court.

Bailey C. Moseley

Justice

Date Submitted: September 26, 2006

Date Decided: January 12, 2007

1. We style this case as Abdullah v. State because that is the way it was styled by the district court, which issued the order at bar. There are no pleadings, there are no notices. There is nothing except for the order, the district clerk's summary of costs, the original judgment of conviction and related attempts by Abdullah to undo the effect of the order at bar. The district clerk of Hopkins County certified that this eleven-page record is a "true and correct copy of all proceedings in [this cause number]."